* Hepatitis A or immune globulin (IG).

* Hepatitis B, especially if you might be exposed to blood or body fluids (for example, health-care workers), have sexual contact with the local population, or be exposed through medical treatment.

* Malaria: your risk of malaria may be high in some of the countries in these regions.

* Rabies, if you might have extensive unprotected outdoor exposure in rural areas, such as might occur during camping, hiking, or bicycling, or engaging in certain occupational activities.

* Typhoid, particularly if you are visiting developing countries in this region.

* Yellow Fever, a viral disease that occurs primarily in sub-Saharan Africa and tropical South America, is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. The virus is also present in Panama and Trinidad and Tobago. Yellow fever vaccination is recommended for travelers to endemic areas and may be required to cross certain international borders.

* As needed, booster doses for Tetanus-Diphtheria and Measles.

Diseases found in Sub Tropical South America and Tropical South America (risk can vary by country and region within a country; quality of in-country surveillance also varies) Malaria:

Malaria is always a serious disease and may be a deadly illness. Humans get Malaria from the bite of a mosquito infected with the parasite. Prevent this serious disease by seeing your health care provider for a prescription antimalarial drug and by protecting yourself against mosquito bites.

Sub Tropical South America:

Your risk of Malaria may be high in some provinces of Argentina. In Argentina, you are at risk for Malaria only in rural areas in the northern provinces bordering Bolivia and Paraguay.

There is no risk of Malaria in Chile, the Falkland Islands, and Uruguay.

Tropical South America:

Your risk of Malaria may be high in some provinces of Argentina. In Argentina, you are at risk for Malaria only in rural areas in the northern provinces bordering Bolivia and Paraguay.

There is no risk of Malaria in Chile, the Falkland Islands, and Uruguay.

Your risk of malaria may be high in these countries, including some cities. Travelers to malaria-risk areas, including infants, children, and former residents of South America, should take an antimalarial drug.

Travelers to Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Paraguay and Venezuela should take antimalarial drugs.

Sub Tropical South America:

Yellow Fever is present only in the northeastern forest areas of Argentina in this region. A certificate of Yellow Fever vaccination may be required for entry into certain countries in the region if you have visited endemic areas in South or Central America, Trinidad & Tobago, or sub-Saharan Africa.

Tropical South America:

Yellow Fever is present in this region and vaccination is recommended if you travel to the endemic zones. A certificate of Yellow Fever vaccination may be required for entry into certain countries if you have visited an endemic area.

Food and Waterborne Diseases:

Make sure your food and drinking water are safe. Food and waterborne diseases are the primary cause of illness in travelers. Travelers' Diarrhea can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites, which are found throughout Sub Tropical South America and Tropical South America and can contaminate food or water. Infections may cause diarrhea and vomiting (E. coli, Salmonella, Cholera, and Parasites), fever (Typhoid Fever and Toxoplasmosis), or liver damage (Hepatitis).

Sub Tropical South America:

Dengue, American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease), and Leishmaniasis are diseases carried by insects that also occur in this region. In 2002, locally transmitted cases of Dengue Fever occurred for the first time in Chile on Easter Island. Protecting yourself against insect bites will help to prevent these diseases. Rodent-borne Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome has been identified in the north-central and southwestern regions of Argentina and in Chile.

Tropical South America:

Dengue, Filariasis, Leishmaniasis, Onchocerciasis, and American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease) are other diseases carried by insects that also occur in this region. Epidemics of Viral Encephalitis and Dengue Fever occur in some countries in this area. Bartonellosis, or Oroya Fever (a sand fly-borne disease), occurs in arid river valleys on the western slopes of the Andes up to 3,000 meters (9,842 feet). Louse-Borne Typhus, a rickettsial infection is often found in mountain areas of Colombia and Peru. Protecting yourself against insect bites will help to prevent these diseases.

Schistosomiasis, a parasitic infection that can be contracted in fresh water in this region, is found in Brazil, Suriname, and north-central Venezuela. Do not swim in fresh water (except in well-chlorinated swimming pools) in these countries.